Microsoft visual Basic 2008

Text book for Microsoft Visual Programming 2008

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:

Abraham Maslow suggested that a hierarchy of five basic classes of needs or motives influence human behaviour. He describe that before more sophisticated higher order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied. His model can be conceptualized as a pyramid in which the more basic needs are at the bottom and the higher level needs are at the top. From the bottom to top of Maslow’s hierarchy these five groups of motives are as follow:

• Physiological Needs. The more basic needs are described as primary drives that is need for oxygen, food, water, sleep, sex and the like. In order to move up the hierarchy, a person must have these basic physiological needs met.

• Safety Needs. Safety needs comes next in the hierarchy. It means that being cared for as a child and having a secure income as an adult. Maslow suggests that people need a safe, secure environment in order to function effectively. Physiological and safety needs compose the lower order needs.

• Love and Belongingness. When the basics lower order needs are met, a person can fulfill higher order needs, consisting of love and belongingness. It includes the need to obtain and give affection and to be a contributing member of some group or society. It indicates as being part of various kinds of social groups and participating in affectionate sexual and nonsexual relationship.

• Self Esteem. After basic needs are fulfilled, the person strives for esteem. That means to feel respected as a useful and honorable individual.

• Self Actualization. After all this, the person is ready to strive for the highest level need, self actualization, which means becoming all that one is capable of. People motivated by this need explore and enhance relationships with others. They follow the interests for intrinsic pleasure and are concerned with issues affecting all people, not just themselves.

Frustration (Sources & Reactions)

Frustration:

“The feeling of being upset or annoyed esp. because of inability to change or achieve something.”

“OR”

“Frustration is one of the causes  of stress. It arises when one’s motivation to achieve a desired goal is blocked.”

Sources or causes of frustration:

Following are the main causes or sources of frustration.

Environmental Frustration.

Some obstacles or social restrictions which are coming from our environment will prevent some chances to achieve your goals. Imagine that you are going for a conference by your vehicle  and you have a shortcut to achieve your destination but unfortunately on that day the road is closed for some reason. Then you have to turn back and drive another extra 2-3 hours to your destination as a result of getting late you have missed a few valuable speeches. Here you are frustrated due to environmental factors.

Personal frustration.

You get frustrated at some points due to you own failures or limitations.  People have innate and learned abilities though they are not able to utilize them at any time. Imagine that someone want to study at university. But due to low marks He cannot get admission. The undoubtedly that person’s hope will be shattered therefore this frustration is caused by personal failure.

Conflict of motives.

People have many needs to fulfill those needs there should be a driving force that is motivation. Motives causes somebody to act in particular way. Especially if you have one or more goals there would be a conflict of motives. For e.g. On a holiday you are immediately asked to come home by your parents. But you have planned to meet your girl friend. Then what is going on, you have to select one of the two, and as a result you get frustrated. If you have more hopes and goals, your frustration level will be high when you cannot achieve them all.

Reactions to Frustration:

There are different ways how people respond to frustration. These responses are called coping behavior and are in  the three major categories.

Withdrawal;

In withdrawal reactions an individual that is suffering from frustration simply run from the source of frustration either the source is the threatening obstacle or a painful dangerous situation. These retreats in frustration will manifest maybe in  form of fantasy, nomadism, repression, regression and reaction formation.

Fantasy.

Fantasy is a wishful day dreaming. Frustrated individual might escape from boredom through the use of imaginative thought. Fantasy is a defense reaction that provides harmless respites from the sometimes conflict realities of life.

Nomadism.

Nomadism is another withdrawal reaction wherein one individual who suffered from frustration has a tendency to wander from place to place as the individual desires to escape from a certain frustrating condition

Repression.

Repression is another withdrawal reaction wherein an individual tends to forget one’s frustrating experience. It is motivated by forgetting and consist of a failure to recognize or remember  negative experiences.

Regression.

In regression an individual that suffers from frustration shows some childish quality in an attempt to revert one’s effective form of coping behavior.

Reaction formation.

An individual acts in a way that is opposite to his/her motivation. An example is an individual proving himself and to others that he/she is independent rather than dependent, fearless rather than fearful and nice rather than hostile.

Aggressive;

In aggressive reaction an individual that is suffering from frustration might attack upon people or things. These might be done by expressing it verbally  as in chastisements and physically as in assault. It can be involved in a direct or indirect attack in another individual’s character or possessions or can be expressed in passive ways such as obstructing the works of others through inattention, inaction or uncooperative behavior.

There are many forms of aggressive reactions namely displaced aggression, scapegoating, free floating anger, suicide and projection.

Displaced aggression.

It is kind of a defense mechanism fro  where a frustrated individual transfer his/ her aggressive behavior against other people, him/herself and to the objects that may be the cause of frustration.

Scapegoating.

It is also a kind of aggressive behavior characterized by blaming another persons or object frown failure or fault.

Free floating anger.

It is another aggressive behavior wherein there is prolong reaction of extreme anger.

Suicide.

It is a kind of aggressive behavior wherein an individual kill him/herself because of frustration. It is a self directed displacement of aggression.

Projection.

It is characterized by projecting or assigning individual’s problems, impulses, desires or thoughts to other people in order to reduce the feeling of anxiety.

Compromise reaction;

It involves acceptance of a substitution for one that is desired. An individual  might give into the frustrating obstacles but it is only partial. An individual doesn’t give up completely to his her original goal.

Sublimation & Substitution.

It is considered as redirection of unacceptable impulses to socially acceptance patterns. While substitution is considered as a form of defensive mechanism where frustrated impulses are indirectly satisfied that is without changing the desires.

Compensation.

It is  Considered as defensive mechanism. In a compensation reaction a frustrated individual can overcome what he/she feels are personal limitations through emphasizing desirable ones.

Rationalization.

It is a kind  of compromise reaction that distinguishes the real motive to another one.

Undoing.

In this coping behavior the individual makes use of cleansing rituals  to be able to divert the painful feeling after doing something that makes him/herself feel guilty. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Seven C's of communication:

There are 7 C’s of effective communication which are applicable to both written as well as oral communication. These are as follows:

1) Completeness - The communication must be complete. It should convey all facts required by the audience. The sender of the message must take into consideration the receiver’s mind set and convey the message accordingly. A complete communication has following features:

*Complete communication develops and enhances reputation of an organization.

*Moreover, they are cost saving as no crucial information is missing and no additional cost is incurred in conveying extra message if the communication is complete.

*A complete communication always gives additional information wherever required. It leaves no questions in the mind of receiver.

*Complete communication helps in better decision-making by the audience/readers/receivers of message as they get all desired and crucial information.

*It persuades the audience.

2) Conciseness - Conciseness means wordiness, i.e., communicating what you want to convey in least possible words without forgoing the other C’s of communication. Conciseness is a necessity for effective communication. Concise communication has following features:

*It is both time-saving as well as cost-saving.

*It underlines and highlights the main message as it avoids using excessive and needless words.

*Concise communication provides short and essential message in limited words to the audience.

*Concise message is more appealing and comprehensible to the audience.

*Concise message is non-repetitive in nature.

3) Consideration - Consideration implies “stepping into the shoes of others”. Effective communication must take the audience into consideration, i.e, the audience’s view points, background, mind-set, education level, etc. Make an attempt to envisage your audience, their requirements, emotions as well as problems. Ensure that the self-respect of the audience is maintained and their emotions are not at harm. Modify your words in message to suit the audience’s needs while making your message complete. Features of considerate communication are as follows:

*Emphasize on “you” approach.

*Empathize with the audience and exhibit interest in the audience. This will stimulate a positive reaction from the audience.

*Show optimism towards your audience. Emphasize on “what is possible” rather than “what is impossible”. Lay stress on positive words such as jovial, committed, thanks, warm, healthy, help, etc.

4) Clarity - Clarity implies emphasizing on a specific message or goal at a time, rather than trying to achieve too much at once. Clarity in communication has following features:

*It makes understanding easier.

*Complete clarity of thoughts and ideas enhances the meaning of message.

*Clear message makes use of exact, appropriate and concrete words.

5) Concreteness - Concrete communication implies being particular and clear rather than fuzzy and general. Concreteness strengthens the confidence. Concrete message has following features:

*It is supported with specific facts and figures.

*It makes use of words that are clear and that build the reputation.

*Concrete messages are not misinterpreted.

6)Courtesy - Courtesy in message implies the message should show the sender’s expression as well as should respect the receiver. The sender of the message should be sincerely polite, judicious, reflective and enthusiastic. Courteous message has following features:

*Courtesy implies taking into consideration both viewpoints as well as feelings of the receiver of the message.

*Courteous message is positive and focused at the audience.

*It makes use of terms showing respect for the receiver of message.

*It is not at all biased.

7) Correctness - Correctness in communication implies that there are no grammatical errors in communication. Correct communication has following features:

*The message is exact, correct and well-timed.

*If the communication is correct, it boosts up the confidence level.

*Correct message has greater impact on the audience/ readers.

*It checks for the precision and accurateness of facts and figures used in the message.

*It makes use of appropriate and correct language in the message.

(Awareness of these 7 C’s of communication makes you an effective communicator).